No Magic Bullet: Tungsten Alloy Munitions Pose Unforeseen Threat.

No Magic Bullet: Tungsten Alloy Munitions Pose Unforeseen Threat.

by Charles W. Schmidt
In response to concerns about the human and environmental health effects of materials used to produce munitions, countries including the United States have begun replacing some lead- and depleted uranium-based munitions with alternatives made of a tungsten alloy. But this solution may not be the "magic bullet" it was once envisioned to be. Researchers from the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research now report that weapons-grade tungsten alloy produces aggressive metastatic tumors when surgically implanted into the muscles of rats [EHP 113:729-734]. These findings raise new questions about the possible consequences of tungsten exposure, and undermine the view that tungsten alloy is a nontoxic alternative to depleted uranium and lead.
In the study, male F344 rats were implanted with pellets in each hind leg, an exposure protocol that mimicked shrapnel wounds received in the field. The rats were split into four treatment groups: a negative control implanted with 10 pellets of tantalum (an inert metal), a positive control implanted with 10 pellets of nickel (a known carcinogen), a high-dose group implanted with 10 pellets of tungsten alloy, and a low-dose group implanted with 4 pellets of tungsten alloy and 16 pellets of tantalum. The alloy used in this research was the same as that used in weapons: 91.1% tungsten, 6.0% nickel, and 2.9% cobalt.
Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com

Numerical simulation of tungsten alloy in powder injection molding process

Numerical simulation of tungsten alloy in powder injection molding process
The flow behavior of feedstock for the tungsten alloy powder in the mold cavity was approximately described using Hele-Shaw flow model. The math model consisting of momentum equation, consecutive equation and thermo-conduction equation for describing the injection process was established. The equations are solved by the finite element/finite difference hybrid method that means dispersing the feedstock model with finite element method, resolving the model along the depth with finite difference methpd, and tracking the movable boundary with control volume method, then the pressure equation and energy equation can be resolved in turn. The numerical simulation of the injection process and the identification of the process parameters were realized by the Moldflow software. The results indicate that there is low temperature gradient in the cavity while the pressure and shear rate gradient are high at high flow rate. The selection of the flow rate is affected by the structure of the gate. The shear rate and the pressure near the gate can be decreased by properly widening the dimension of the gate. There is a good agreement between the process parameters obtained by the numerical simulation and the actual ones.
Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com

Volatility from copper and tungsten alloys for fusion react or application

Volatility from copper and tungsten alloys for fusion reaktorapplikations
Smolik, G.R.; Neilson, R.M., Jr.; Piet, S.J.Fusion Engineering, 1989. Proceedings., IEEE Thirteenth Symposium onVolume , Issue , 2-6 Oct 1989 Page(s):670 - 673 vol.1Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/FUSION.1989.102308Summary:Accident scenarios for fusion power plants present the potential for release and transport of activated constituents volatized from first-wall and structural materials. The extent of possible mobilization and transport of these activated species (many of which are oxidation driven) is being addressed by the Fusion Safety Program at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). Experimental measurements of volatilization from a copper alloy in air and steam and from a tungsten alloy in air are presented. The major elements released included zinc from the copper alloy and rhenium and tungsten from the tungsten alloy. Volatilization rates of several constituents of these alloys over temperatures ranging from 400 to 1200 are presented. These release rates are recommended for use in accident assessment calculations


Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com

Tungsten Alloy Proves More Is Less

PRLog (Press Release) – Jul 08, 2008 – Recent increases in fuel prices and forecasts for more to come have focussed aircraft owners and operators into doing all they can to minimise their use of fuel. Assisting in the drive for fuel efficiency, lower operating costs and reduced carbon footprint, an unlikely sounding alloy is providing solutions for aircraft manufacturers worldwide. With a density over sixty percent greater than lead, Wolfmet tungsten alloys may be a less-than-obvious choice of material for use in airframes, yet in mid-sized aircraft design they deliver key advantages. Wolfmet’s high density, coupled with good mechanical properties and machining characteristics, allows designers to make significant reductions in the physical size of components. For a given moment about a pivot, Wolfmet alloys therefore allow a lighter balance weight to be sited further from the pivot point. Lower aircraft weight means better fuel efficiency, increased payload availability or greater speed capability. Due to the very high melting point of tungsten (in excess of 3000 °C), Wolfmet alloys cannot be manufactured by traditional casting methods. To overcome this, Wolfmet alloys are manufactured by powder metallurgy techniques. One of the advantages of manufacturing by powder metallurgy methods is that small batch quantities, even single pieces, can be achieved without the severe cost penalties associated with other production methods. M&I Materials has AS 9100 accreditation, and produces Wolfmet materials in accordance with an ISO 9001:2000 approved QA system, including Aerospace Sector Certificate Scheme TS 157-1993. Wolfmet components also meet the United States military MIL-T-21014 specification. M&I Materials Ltd has a state-of-the-art Wolfmet production facility at Trafford Park, Manchester, with an international order book in aerospace, automotive, motor racing, medical and engineering applications. M&I Materials Ltd performs the whole production process, from powder blending through to machining, to achieve unrivalled quality and value in the finished component. Further information is available at www.wolfmet.com.
Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com

Reactive Tungsten Alloy For Inert Warheads

http://www.psicorp.com/
Abstract:
Physical Sciences Inc. and ATK Thiokol, Inc. propose to develop novel high-density tungsten-based reactive composites for application to inert kinetic energy munitions. These materials will be inert such that they do not reduce the projectile's Insensitive Munitions compliance. Their critical benefit will be to enhance projectile lethality by depositing a combined kinetic and chemical energy in the target, which is greater than the corresponding kinetic energy deposited by a non-reactive tungsten munition. This lethality enhancement will occur over most of the range of anticipated projectile (1300-5000 fps) and payload pellet (2000-6000 fps) velocities. Novel metallurgical fabrication techniques will be applied in these material developments. In Phase I, we shall fabricate samples of two different tungsten metal-oxidizer systems, and characterize their energetic and mechanical properties.
Benefits:The proposed materials technology development constitutes a potentially great benefit to battlefield scenarios involving penetrator munitions. We anticipate that successful development of these reactive tungsten alloys will allow the Navy to achieve superior inert warhead penetrator designs in the future, incorporating these materials as replacements for conventional components, and as lethality-enhancing projectiles and pellets. The commercial market, originally based in military munitions, could expand to include applications in mining, anti-terrorism, energy exploration, and other industries.
Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com

History of Paperweights

History of Paperweights
http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/barker/hist_pw.php

Nineteenth century revival of the glass industry
In early nineteenth-century Europe, a new creative potential developed in the decorative arts. An increasingly urban population and an expanding market of goods created by the Industrial Revolution stimulated the manufacture of many new decorative novelties. In the mid-1840s, glass paperweights appeared. They were a wholly modern, functional glass form that drew upon the ancient glassmaking techniques of millefiori and lampwork and the late-eighteenth century technique of cameo incrustation
The sudden emergence and popularity of paperweights can be attributed not only to their decorative appeal but also to a growing Victorian leisure-time interest in letter writing. This fashionable upper and middle class pastime assured their profitable manufacture along with many other glass accessories related to letter writing, all of which were purchased inexpensively at stationery and novelty shops.
Appearance of French paperweights
The exact year and origin of the manufacture of the first glass paperweight is problematical, but the first documented appearance can be traced to the Exhibition of Austrian Industry held in Vienna in 1845. The paperweights of Pietro Bigaglia of Venice were displayed at this exhibition. Knowledge of their existence was reportedly soon brought to the attention of the Saint-Louis glass factory in France, which immediately began to manufacture its own weights. A paperweight from Saint Louis dated 1845 is known, as well as one from Murano, Italy.
A second major French glasshouse, the Clichy factory, is also thought to have been manufacturing weights as early as 1845. A close concentric millefiori pedestal weight in the Barker collection is the earliest-dated known weight produced by the Clichy factory. The glided mount on this weight bears the inscription ";ESCALIER DE CRISTAL 1845." It is highly speculative, however, that the engraved date actually refers to the year of the weight's manufacture. The Escalier de Cristal was a novelty shop in Paris; consequently, the mount could have been added at any time.
The entry of a third leading French glasshouse, the Baccarat factory, into paperweightmaking is marked by existing weights enclosing the date 1846. Factories in Bohemia and England followed suit with the earliest-dated known weights from each locale inscribed "1848." In the decade or so following 1845, the three great French glasshouses of Saint Louis, Clichy, and Baccarat competed with one another in the manufacture of the most beautiful and the best executed weights. The results were a myriad of artistically conceived millefiori designs and lampworked motifs, near technical perfection of the glassmaker's skill, and great quantities of weights produced.
The Classic Period
This period of competitive manufacture, which captures paperweightmaking at its best, had come to be termed the Classic Period of French paperweights. It ranged in date from circa 1845 to 1855, although the time span is arbitrary and may extend slightly earlier or later (possibly through 1860) than the given decade. Perhaps the most highly praised paperweights of the French Classic Period are those produced by the Clichy factory. Clichy was the only French glasshouse whose weights were displayed at the Great Exposition at the Crystal Palace in London in 1851, and again, at the New York Crystal Palace in 1853. These public celebrations of the union of science and art in technology brought paperweights to the attention of the world. They were viewed by thousands of visitors, including a large American audience, and served to usher in the American Classic Period of paperweightmaking, which extended from 1852 through the 1870s, long after the popularity of paperweights had declined in Europe.
Modern paperweights
Paperweights continued to be produced in the twentieth century. Baccarat and Saint Louis continue to produce elegant weights reminiscent of the Classic Period, as well as modern designs. American glass companies and glass artists also continue creating paperweights in the traditional styles and create new traditions of their own.


Antique paperweights were made primarily in three French factories, between 1845 and 1860, in Baccarat, St. Louis, and Clichy. Weights (mainly of lesser quality) were also made in the United States, Great Britain, and elsewhere, though Bacchus (UK) and New England Glass Company (USA) produced some that equaled the best of the French. Modern weights have been made from about 1950 to the present.

The Morton D. Barker Paperweight Collection contains objects that were manufactured in Europe, the United States, and Asia.
The three manufacturers most renowned for the production of paperweights in the ninetheenth century were the French firms of Baccarat, Saint Louis, and Clichy. They produced the highest quality glass in Europe at that time. A fourth French paperweight maker was Pantin. Paperweights were being manufactured from about 1845 in France, and production continued until about 1860, when they went out of fashion.
American glass companies represented in the Barker Collection are the New England Glass Company, Boston & Sandwich Glass Company, Morgantown Glassware Guild, and Whitall & Tatum Company. Individual glass artists represented are Ronald Hansen, and Charles Kaziun, and Emil Larson, who also worked for several glass companies.
British glass companies are also represented in the collection by a millefiori weight by George Bacchus and Sons of Birmingham, and two objects attributed to Apsley Pellatt of London.
Glass paperweights or other objects from Sweden, Bohemia, and China are also found in the collection. A few paperweights cannot be positively attributed to any specific manufacturer or country.

Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com

Tungsten Heavy Aalloy Paperweights

Tungsten Alloy Paperweights
What is paperweight?
Paperweight are decorative objects, designed to hold sheets of paper on a surface to prevent wind from blowing them away. Paperweight has a long history in China, even can be traced back to the birth date of paper.
Type of paperweight
Antique paperweights
In ancient China, paperweight is one of the necessary equipment in sanctum. Antique paperweights are commonly made of jade, copper, china and high wood, using modeling rabbit, horse, sheep, deer, toads and other animals of the three-dimensional shape. They are often collected as examples of fine workmanship, and appreciated for their aesthetic as opposed to their rather than utilitarian aspect.
Copper paperweight
Jade paperweight
China paperweight
Modern paperweights
With the development of modern society, there are more and more types of peperweights. They retain the classical peaceful atmosphere, and at the same time, add a variety of new ideas and new elements have been integrating. WhetherWhatever material or specification, modern paperweight are moving heading towards diversification direction.
*Glass paperweight
*Crystal paperweight
*Stone Paperweight
*Ceramic Paperweight
*Wood paperweight
Tungsten Heavy Ally (WHA) Paperweight
——Never worn, never rust, high-density, high-performance paperweight
Tungsten heavy alloy bears the high density ranging 15.4-18.5g/cc (80-97W), with the components of W-Ni-Cu, W-Ni-Fe Or W-Ni-Cu-Fe and etc. It has a range of excellent features, to achieve full compliance with the requirements as paperweight material:
①High density More than twice as dense as steel, can press any book firmly;
②High strength The tensile strength is about 700-1400Mpa and the thermal expansion coefficient just only 1/2-1/3 of iron or steel, wear-resistant, never rust, can be preserved permanently;
③ Good weldability and machinability It is also possible to have "custom" bars made to your specifications
Chinatungsten Online (Xiamen) Manu. & Sales Corp., is one of most famous and professional manufacturers and exporters to supply various high-quality tungsten worldwide for over 20 years. We always provide different tungsten products base on specific requirement with dimensions, drawings and so on.
Any of your enquiries will be welcome to us. And we are sure to offer our excellent service to all of our esteemed clients.
Contact us by sales@chinatungsten.com now and get a good price from us!


Hanns CEO/Chinatungten।com