Tungsten, Physical properties and Chemical Elments

Tungsten information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below.hyScientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Tungsten has the highest melting point of all the metallic elements and because of this has its first significant commercial application as the filament in incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs. Tungsten is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Later it was used in the first television tubes. The first imaging equipment involved X-ray bombardment of a tungsten target. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. It is the primary metal in heating elements for electric furnaces and in any components where high pressure/temperature environments are expected, such as aerospace and engine systems. Tungsten is alloyed in steel to improve its ability to operate in high temperatures. Tungsten carbide is used in drill bits and cutting tools because it is one of the hardest commercial materials.. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in the glass coatings for fluorescent light bulbs. Other tungsten chemical compounds are used in catalysts and lubricants. In reference to its density, Tungsten gets its name from the swedish words tung and sten meaning heavy stone.

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Tungsten facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Tungsten is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Tungsten is a Block D, Group 6, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Tungsten's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s². In its elemental form tungsten's CAS number is 7440-33-7. The tungsten atom has a radius of 137.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Tungsten is considered to be only mildly toxic.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Tungsten compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Tungsten was first discovered by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in 1783.

tungstène

Wolfram

tungsteno

Tungstênio

wolframio

Volfram

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of tungsten and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope	Atomic Mass	% Abundance on Earth
W-180	179.946706	0.13
W-182	181.948206	26.3
W-183	182.950224	14.3
W-184	183.950933	30.67
W-186	185.954362	28.6

The following table shows the abundance of Tungsten present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:

	Typical Human Body	Universe
by Weight	no data	0.5 ppb
by Atom	no data	0.003 ppb

Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for tungsten metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Tungsten compounds have a small biological role in some enzymes.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for tungsten (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy	758.77 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy	- kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy	- kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to tungsten's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 5.4 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.7. The thermal conductivity of tungsten is 174 W m^-1 K^-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for tungsten are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion	35.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization	824.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization	848.1 kJ mol-1

Recent Research & Development for Tungsten

Gas nanosensor design packages based on tungsten oxide: mesocages, hollow spheres, and nanowires. Hoa ND, El-Safty SA. Nanotechnology. 2011 Dec 2;22(48):485503. Epub 2011 Nov 9. PMID: 22071572 [PubMed - in process] Experimental hypothyroidism delays fEPSPs and disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation and Y-maze performance in adult rats. Seda Artis A, Bitiktas S, Taskin E, Dolu N, Liman N, Suer C. J Neuroendocrinol. 2011 Nov 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02253.x. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22070634 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Glycolaldehyde as a Probe Molecule for Biomass-derivatives: Reaction of C-OH and C=O Functional Groups on Monolayer Ni Surfaces. Yu W, Barteau MA, Chen JG. J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22066750 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] [Bis-(4-methyl-1,3-thia-zol-2-yl-?N)methane]-tricarbonyl-dichlorido-tungsten(II). Strasser CE, Cronje S, Raubenheimer HG. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1460. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PMID: 22065685 [PubMed] Carbon nanotube composite coating of neural microelectrodes preferentially improves the multiunit signal-to-noise ratio. Baranauskas G, Maggiolini E, Castagnola E, Ansaldo A, Mazzoni A, Angotzi GN, Vato A, Ricci D, Panzeri S, Fadiga L. J Neural Eng. 2011 Nov 8;8(6):066013. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22064890 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Use of carbon nanotubes and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of very low amounts of arsenic and antimony in waters. López-García I, Rivas RE, Hernández-Córdoba M. Talanta. 2011 Oct 30;86:52-7. Epub 2011 Aug 27. PMID: 22063510 [PubMed - in process] Mechanism of W(CO)(6) sonolysis in diphenylmethane. Cau C, Nikitenko SI. Ultrason Sonochem. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22054911 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Synthesis of macrocyclic natural products by catalyst-controlled stereoselective ring-closing metathesis. Yu M, Wang C, Kyle AF, Jakubec P, Dixon DJ, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH. Nature. 2011 Nov 2;479(7371):88-93. doi: 10.1038/nature10563. PMID: 22051677 [PubMed - in process] Combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposi-tion (cAPCVD); a route to functional property optimization. Kafizas A, Parkin IP. J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22050427 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Comparative evaluation of marginal adaptation between nanocomposites and microhybrid composites exposed to two light cure units. Sharma RD, Sharma J, Rani A. Indian J Dent Res. 2011 May;22(3):495. PMID: 22048600 [PubMed - in process] Comparison of secondary neutron dose in proton therapy resulting from the use of a tungsten alloy MLC or a brass collimator system. Diffenderfer ES, Ainsley CG, Kirk ML, McDonough JE, Maughan RL. Med Phys. 2011 Nov;38(11):6248. PMID: 22047390 [PubMed - in process] Vector potential photoelectron microscopy. Browning R. Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Oct;82(10):103703. PMID: 22047299 [PubMed - in process] Structural Effects Behind the Low Temperature Nonconventional Relaxor Behavior of the Sr(2)NaNb(5)O(15) Bronze. Torres-Pardo A, Jiménez R, González-Calbet JM, García-González E. Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22035503 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Accelerated electron beam induced breakdown of commercial WO(3) into nanorods in the presence of triethylamine. Dawson G, Zhou W, Blackley R. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22030615 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Multilayer chitosan-based open tubular capillary anion exchange column with integrated monolithic capillary suppressor. Huang X, Foss FW Jr, Dasgupta PK. Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Nov 30;707(1-2):210-7. Epub 2011 Sep 24. PMID: 22027141 [PubMed - in process] Multispectral near-IR reflectance and transillumination imaging of teeth. Chung S, Fried D, Staninec M, Darling CL. Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Oct 1;2(10):2804-14. Epub 2011 Sep 15. PMID: 22025986 [PubMed] Efficient Heterogeneous Epoxidation of Alkenes by a Supported Tungsten Oxide Catalyst. Kamata K, Yonehara K, Sumida Y, Hirata K, Nojima S, Mizuno N. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 25. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106064. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 22025368 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Structural transformation of tungsten oxide nanourchins into IF-WS(2) nanoparticles: an aberration corrected STEM study. Leonard-Deepak F, Castro-Guerrero CF, Mejía-Rosales S, José-Yacamán M. Nanoscale. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22025289 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Academic aspects of lunar water resources and their relevance to lunar protolife. Green J. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(9):6051-76. Epub 2011 Sep 19. PMID: 22016644 [PubMed - in process] Evaluation of ocular hazards from 4 types of curing lights. Labrie D, Moe J, Price RB, Young ME, Felix CM. J Can Dent Assoc. 2011 Oct;77:b116. PMID: 22014874 [PubMed - in process]

Collected by Hanns CEO/ www.chinatungten.com

How Far Can Gold and Silver Climb?

by prospectingjournal

GUEST COMMENTARY–ProspectingJournal.com–With gold a stone’s throw away from $2,000 and already up 27% on the year, the objective investor might begin wondering how much higher both it and silver can climb. After all, gold is nearing its inflation-adjusted 1980 high – and that peak was a spike that lasted only one day.
So, how much return can we realistically expect in each metal at this point? And is one a better buy than the other? There are dozens of ways to calculate price projections, but I’m going to use data based strictly on past price behavior from the 1970s bull market.
First, let’s measure what today’s inflation-adjusted price would be if each metal matched their respective 1980 highs, along with the return needed to reach those levels:

Returns Needed to Match Inflation-Adjusted Price

Metal	Inflation-Adjusted Price	Percent Climb to Match 1980 High
Gold	$2,330	30%
Silver	$136	246%

As of 9-19-11

Based on the CPI-U (the government’s broadest measure of inflation), gold is a couple of jumps away from matching its 1980 high of $850. Silver, meanwhile, has much further to climb and would return over three times our money if it reached its former peak.
But the CPI is a poor measure of real inflation. Let’s use John Williams’ Shadow Government Statistics calculations. His data are much closer to the real world, and the statistics are calculated the way they were during the Carter administration, stripped of later manipulations.
Check out how high gold and silver would soar if they adjust to this level of inflation:

Returns Needed to Match ShadowStats Alternate CPI

Metal	Price to Match ShadowStats CPI	Percent Climb to Match ShadowStats
Gold	$15,234	755%
Silver	$348	785%

As of 9-19-11

Clearly, both metals would hand us an extraordinary return from current prices. Those are some admittedly high numbers, but keep in mind that’s what the CPI figures above would register if government officials had never changed the formulas. What’s tantalizing about these levels is that we’re not even halfway to reaching them.

Let’s look at one more measure. I think another valid gauge would be to apply the same percentage gain that occurred in the 1970s. From their 1971 lows to January 1980 highs, gold rose 2,333%, while silver advanced an incredible 3,646%. The following table applies those gains to our 2001 lows and shows the prospective returns from current prices:

Returns Needed to Match 1970s Total Percent Gain

Metal	Price to Match 1970s Total % Return	Percent Climb to Match ’70s Return
Gold	$6,227	249%
Silver	$160	307%

As of 9-19-11

Gold would fetch us two-and-a-half times our money, while silver would provide a quadruple return.
Regardless of which measure is used, it’s clear that if gold and silver come anywhere close to mimicking the performance of the last great bull market, tremendous upside remains.
One might be skeptical because these projections are based on past performance, and nothing says they must hit these levels. That’s a valid point. But I would argue that we’re in uncharted territory with our debt load and money creation – and neither shows any sign of ending. We had a lot of problems in the 1970s, but our current fiscal and monetary abuse dwarfs what was taking place then. The need to protect one’s assets gets more pressing each day, not less so. That to me is the key signaling this bull market is far from over.
One may also be skeptical because the media continue to claim gold is in a bubble. To date their proclamations have been nothing but a great fake-out, every time. Want to know when we’ll really be in a bubble? When they stop saying it’s one and actually start buying and recommending gold. When they begin running 15-minute updates on the latest gold stock. When you are sought out relentlessly by your friends and relatives because they know you know something about all this “gold and silver stuff.”
All told, I think the baked-in-the-cake inflation – rooted in insane debt levels and deficit spending – will be one of the primary drivers for rising precious metals this decade. This means the masses will look for a store of value against a plunging loss of purchasing power. Enter gold and silver.
The current correction may not be over, and we can count on further pullbacks along the way. But the data here suggest the upside in gold and silver is much bigger than any short-term gyration – or any worry that may accompany it.
[There’s another way to get into gold on the cheap, and without worrying about your timing lining up with a correction. Read this free report to learn how the big investment funds are buying gold at a fraction of its current price… and you can, too.]

The Tungsten Gold Bar or Golden Bar

‘Fake’ Gold Detected: The Tungsten Gold Bar

March 26, 2012 by prospectingjournal 

COMMENTARY-ProspectingJournal.com

-It isn’t everyday that the word tungsten is used synonymously with gold. This week, a 1,000-gram ‘fake’ gold bar was found in the United Kingdom. Upon realizing discrepancies in the weight of the bar of gold, further tests revealed that the bar had been drilled out and filled with tungsten. In effect the bar was valued at much lower than what was initially thought, and had the trick gone unnoticed, the counterfeiter would have pocketed a substantial amount of profit. Somewhat surprisingly, this isn’t the first time we are learning about gold counterfeiting. In October 2009, bankers in Hong Kong discovered gold bars from the US that were filled with Tungsten, with similar instances also occurring in Ethiopia and South Africa. In almost every documented situation Tungsten is commonly chosen as a substitute. It is a material substantially cheaper than gold but shares the exact same density, to the third decimal. This makes it the ideal material for counterfeiting. Ever since the story was uncovered many analysts have been proclaiming the implications of ‘fake gold’, and justifiably so. If we are to believe we live in a world full of these ‘fake gold’ bars, we must then accept that there is a vast discrepancy between perceived wealth and actual wealth. In fact, some have even suggested that this will damage gold’s image, a metal normally seen as a safe method of storing wealth. While that may be the case, the nature of the gold market suggests this is unlikely. Given the manner in which gold is handled, there are many reasons to discard the regularities of gold counterfeiting. And there are even more reasons to practice continued faith in the metal.

When gold is produced in a refinery, few can predict where the gold will end up and how it may be used. Many gold bars are melted and used for jewelry, amongst other occupations, and there are many opportunities in which gold will trade hands and become subject to inspection. Significantly, the largest quantities of gold bars are stored in banks. Banks regularly deploy a system in which gold is cyclically sent off for cutting and refining, in an effort to prevent chipping in order to maintain a marketable standard of presentation. Tungsten plated gold would almost certainly become detected in this banking process. So without even taking into account the technical difficulties associated with counterfeiting gold itself, the nature of the market is one that disallows this type of negative activity. And if we ever do find ourselves in the growing midst of widespread gold counterfeiting, it only costs $3000 to purchase a meter that is able to detect tungsten. Alternatively, there are less expensive and more time-consuming means of effectively measuring for abnormalities. In other words, gold counterfeiting will likely prove more of a hiccup than a major obstacle in the long-term health of the industry.

It is also unlikely that this story will affect the price of gold. It does create a sentiment towards the possibility that gold-derived wealth is inaccurately perceived because some bars are fake and thus overvalued. And in theory, less ‘real’ gold would drive up prices. But in reality we have every reason to believe fake gold bars only exist on a relatively minor scale and currently hold few implications towards global demand.

-
Jason Staeck
ProspectingJournal.com

TUNGSTEN IN USA, OCTOBER 2011

 

TUNGSTEN IN USA, OCTOBER 2011

    Total U.S. net production of intermediate tungsten products, including metal powder and tungsten carbide powder, was 4% lower during January through October 2011 than net production during the same period in 2010. Total U.S. reported consumption of ferrotungsten, tungsten metal powder, tungsten carbide powder, tungsten scrap, and other tungsten materials during January through October 2011 was 13% higher than consumption during the same period in 2010. These materials were used to make alloys, cemented carbides, mill products, and other products, such as catalysts and pigments.

    Data for U.S. imports and exports of tungsten for January through September 2011 and full year 2010 totals by material are published in this issue.

Prices

    Selected prices from Metal Bulletin for October 2011 are listed below. U.S. ammonium paratungstate prices in dollars per 

 

metric ton unit were converted from short-ton-unit prices and rounded to the nearest dollar. Prices for tungsten ore concentrates represent combined prices for wolframite and scheelite concentrates with a minimum tungsten trioxide (WO₃) content of 65%. Concentrate prices in dollars per short ton unit were converted from metric-ton-unit prices and rounded to the nearest dollar.

Ammonium paratungstate, U.S. free market:

    Low—$463/metric ton unit WO₃ ($420/short ton unit WO₃)

    High—$491/metric ton unit WO₃ ($445/short ton unit WO₃)

Concentrates:

    Low—$140/metric ton unit WO₃ ($127/short ton unit WO₃)

    High—$160/metric ton unit WO₃ ($145/short ton unit WO₃)

Hanns CEO/Chinatungten.com

Uses of Tungsten

As a most important refaractory metals, tungsten is found naturally on the earth. It is also called wolfram and has the chemical symbol of W. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. It is sought after due to having the highest melting point of all non-alloyed substances on earth. Here are some of the most common uses of Tungsten in the world today!

Uses of Tungsten

• Approximately half of the tungsten mined is used to create tungsten carbine. This makes other materials harder.
• Tungsten Carbine is used to make wear-resistant abrasives, cutters and knives. Items such as drill bits, circular saws, metal work tools and woodwork tools.
• It is used in mining drills as it has a high melting point and is extremely hardy. Almost 60% of tungsten is used in this industry.
• It is used to make rings in the jewelry industry. This is due to its scratch resistant qualities.
• Tungsten is commonly used to make hard metal alloys such as high speed steel. Metals alloys with tungsten are often used to make turbine blades, rocket nozzles and metal coatings.
• It is also used in the creation of armor piercing bullets, cannon shells, grenades and missiles to create supersonic shrapnel.
• It has also been used to create Dense Inert Metal explosives.
• Tungsten sulfite is used in high temperature lubricants.
• Tungsten compounds are used to create ceramic glazes and in the tanning industry.
• It is also used in fluorescent lighting
• It is used in weights and counterbalances.
• Because of its weight it is used in some aircraft and yachts as ballasts. It is also used in NASCAR and Formula One cars as ballasts.
• High-density alloys of tungsten with nickel, copper or iron are used in high-quality darts
• It is sometimes used in fishing lures to create quicker sinking flies.
• Some types of strings for musical instruments are wound with tungsten wires.
• Due to its ability to remain solid at high temperatures tungsten is also used in light globes, vacuum tube filaments, heating elements. It is also suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the gas tungsten arc welding processing.
• Tungsten is often used in electrodes due to its high melting point and its efficiency as an electrical conductor.

   More uses of tungsten, may learn from www.chinatungsten.com,

Hanns CEO/Chinatungten.com

What's Tungsten?

 

What is Tungsten ?

Tungsten (pronounced /tʌŋstən/), also known as wolfram (/wlfrəm/), is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is as known the heaviest materials except gold of the nature resources, for the density of tungsten is 19.25  g•cm−3(near r.t.). For the same reason, tungsten related products, alloys(Nickel-Copper-Ferro Binder), other elements doped(Al-doped, Th-doped, La-dope, Ce-dopd and K-doped) and carbides( carbonized tungsten powder with cobalt or Nickel binder) have the special ccharacteristics as pure tungsten, then it always named heavy stone.

Tungsten is a typiacl element of transition element Group VI and shows oxidation states from +6 to-2 and, particularly in its oxides, forms many non-stoicheiometric compounds. There is little aqueous chemistry except that of complex oxy-anions and some complex halides. The hexahalides are moleular but lower halides are polymeric and the lowest halides show extensive W-W bonding (more than Mo). Carbonyl and phos-phine derivatives are typical low oxidation state compounds. Complexes are formed, particularly by O-and S-ligands in higher oxidation states and by P-ligands in low oxidation states. Complex cyanides are well established.

Tungsten is one of Nonferrous Metals, and also it is as molybdenum and rare earth which are Refractory Metals, in the modern industrial time, it is the most important Strategic Metals for IT industrial and military industrial.

What is the problem with tungsten? Tungsten dissolves readily in water and is mobile under some field conditions, challenging initial assumptions with regard to tungsten’s fate and transport characteristics. Other concerns include data (occupational, animal studies, cancer clusters) indicating adverse non-cancer and cancer health effects and risk outcomes.

How is tungsten used? Tungsten alloys are good conductors of electricity, and used primarily to increase the toughness and strength of steel. The most common tungsten product, cemented tungsten carbide, is used to make grinding wheels and cutting or forming tools. Tungsten powder is used as a lead replacement in bullets. However, firing of a tungsten/nylon bullet introduces tungsten and other projectile related metals into the environment.

How does exposure to tungsten affect human health?
The toxicology of tungsten depends on the route of administration, the solubility of the constituent and the duration of exposure. Occupational exposure via the inhalation pathway has revealed elevated levels of pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lung tissue) and other effects including asthma and inflammation of the nose tissues.  Research also suggests that the combination of tungsten and other substances can be linked to the development of lung cancer.  Some animal data suggests that tungsten could cause adverse developmental and reproductive effects (including the kidneys as a target organ). Information from Nevada has drawn attention to tungsten’s potential toxicity as exhibited in the Fallon Nevada cancer cluster.

Hanns CEO/Chinatungten.com